Dissecting Parental Warmth and its Associations with Callous-Unemotional Traits
Callous-unemotional traits are characterized by a lack of empathy and other prosocial emotions and behavior, predicting more severe and persistent antisocial behavior. Research has found that parental warmth (e.g., being affectionate and sensitive or responsive) predicts fewer CU traits. However, past research is limited by its reliance on parents’ self-report and vague, global observational measures that lack the specificity to break the broad construct of warmth into its specific components (e.g., affection and responsiveness) and more specifically explain their relationships with CU traits. I adapted an existing, validated coding scheme that is novel to the study of CU traits to measure parental warmth while observing parents and children creating the story for a wordless picture book over Zoom. Results showed that the components of warmth interacted significantly with CU traits in the relationship between warmth and child empathy. The relationship between empathy and affection was more positive among high CU children while the relationship between responsiveness and empathy was more positive among low CU children. These findings suggest that affection promotes empathy in high CU children and may be a better target in interventions for high CU children than the responsiveness component of parental warmth. Future studies should utilize larger samples and include a greater range of CU trait levels. Implications of these findings include the effectiveness and potential use of this coding scheme in assessing parenting over Zoom and in developing and monitoring individualized interventions.
Comments